Some lighting rules vary, but most apply to all scenarios.
Photography lighting rules vary according to the type of scene you wish to capture. While the exact rules of lighting are not applicable to all facets of photography, some rules are universal, to some extent. Take note, lighting rules are to be used as a foundation when lighting a project, and, as in most creative fields, these rules can be tweaked.
Reduce Excessive Shadows
Unless otherwise noted, a common rule in lighting is to reduce or completely remove shadows. Shadows can drown out a subject and dim coloration. To remove shadows from a subject a multi-light system should be put into play. After setting your subject, place a main light, also known as a "key" light, to illuminate the subject. Counterbalance shadows created by this light by placing fill lights on both sides of the subject. These lights are dimmer than the main light and the positions of these lights vary according to the shadows created by the key light.
Diffuse Direct Light
Direct light from an unfiltered lamp can overexpose an object, which may eliminate soft details. To reduce direct light, diffuse a lamp by bouncing light off of a photography umbrella; however, if you do not have the financial means to purchase an umbrella, a bed sheet can be placed 8 inches from the bulb to diffuse the light. A photography umbrella can also be made at home. Purchase a standard umbrella and spray paint the underside of the umbrella a metallic silver or gold color. Allow the paint to dry and bounce light off of the umbrella to provide non-harsh direct light.
Photograph Exposure
The exposure rating of a camera is just as important as following the lighting rules. Steve's Digicams website states exposure is comprised of three camera factors: aperture, shutter speed and ISO. The amount of exposure determines if the light within a scene is properly captured. If you are photographing dim light, you want to decrease shutter speed while reducing aperture and increasing the cameras ISO. The exact levels of alteration to these three settings depends on the lighting situation you are capturing.
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