The basic lighting setup for film can be done with three lights: key, fill and backlight. Each light has its own particular function. These three types of lights are usually combined with each other for the desired overall lighting effect. Whichever lights are used, the intent is to simulate the light that might occur under normal conditions in the filming space.
Key Light
The key is the brightest light and casts the primary shadows, giving a sense of direction to the lighting.
Fill Light
The main function of the fill light is to fill in the shadows produced by the key light without casting a distinct shadow of its own.
Backlight
Backlights, sometimes called hair, rim or edge lights, are placed on the opposite side of the subject from the camera, high enough to be out of view.
Set Light
A fourth basic light, the set light, may be used to illuminate the background. Usually the background is partly lit by the key and fill lights, as well as by several set lights.
Lighting Styles
Lighting choices should be made before beginning to film, and should be based on the lighting style you hope to achieve.
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